Mindfulness & Mental Health: Balanced Time Perspective as a Mediator

Abstract

Mindfulness is a practice of intentionally paying attention to the present moment in a nonjudgmental way. Being more mindful can decrease symptoms of anxiety, depression, and stress, among other mental and physical health improvements. (Donald et al., 2016; Hofmann et al., 2010; Kabat-Zinn et al.,1992). This study examined if balanced time perspective (BTP) is one of the mechanisms of action of mindfulness in its relationship with depression, anxiety, and stress. BTP refers to a person’s ability to flexibly adapt their time perspective (attention to the past, present, or future, and positive or negative attitudes toward each) to suit the current situation. One hundred and twenty-eight participants completed the online questionnaire. The Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), Deviation from the Balanced Time Perspective (DBTP), and Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21) were used to measure mindfulness, BTP, and mental health outcomes, respectively. Results indicated that BTP mediated the relationship between mindfulness and overall mental health scores and the relationship between mindfulness and depression. BTP was not a significant mediator in the relationships between mindfulness and anxiety or stress. These findings can help enhance scientific understanding of how mindfulness can improve mental health outcomes.

Date of Award	2025
Original language	American English
Awarding Institution	Eastern Illinois University
Supervisor	Ronan Bernas (Supervisor)